Master regulator of thyroid function. High TSH indicates underactive thyroid; low TSH indicates overactive thyroid.

Main thyroid hormone that converts to active T3. Essential for metabolism and energy.

The most active thyroid hormone. Controls metabolic rate and fat burning.

Most specific liver enzyme. Elevated when liver cells are damaged from alcohol, medications, or fatty liver.

Enzyme in liver and muscle. Elevated after liver damage or intense exercise.

Sensitive to alcohol and bile problems. Often elevated before other markers as early warning.

Main protein made by the liver. Low levels indicate liver dysfunction or malnutrition.

Breakdown product of red blood cells. High levels cause jaundice.

Waste product from muscle metabolism. Main marker for kidney function.

Best overall measure of kidney function. Values below 60 indicate kidney disease.

Waste product from protein breakdown. Elevated with high protein intake or kidney issues.

Sum of all cholesterol types. Less important than individual components.

"Bad" cholesterol that deposits in artery walls. Major cardiovascular risk factor.

"Good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Protective against heart disease.

Fat in blood. Elevated by carbs and alcohol. Requires fasting for accuracy.

All "bad" cholesterol combined. Better predictor than LDL alone.

Key cardiovascular risk indicator. Target below 4.0.

Essential for bone health, immune function, and testosterone. Deficiency is very common in the UK.

Essential for energy and nerve function. Active B12 is more accurate than total B12.

Essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. Works with B12.

Best marker of total body iron stores. Low levels cause fatigue before anaemia develops.

Iron currently circulating in blood. Varies throughout the day.

Oxygen-carrying protein. Low indicates anaemia; elevated requires monitoring.

Percentage of blood occupied by red cells. Critical safety marker.

High-sensitivity inflammation marker and cardiovascular risk indicator.

3-month average blood sugar. Gold standard for diabetes screening.

Master regulator of thyroid function from the pituitary. High TSH indicates underactive thyroid; low TSH indicates overactive. Critical for metabolism and energy.

Main thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Converts to active T3 in tissues. Essential for metabolism, energy, heart rate, and body temperature.

The most metabolically active thyroid hormone. Controls metabolic rate, fat burning, and energy. Low T3 syndrome is common in illness, dieting, and stress.

Antibodies attacking the thyroid. Elevated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Can predict future thyroid dysfunction years before symptoms appear.

Another autoimmune thyroid marker. Together with TPO antibodies provides complete autoimmune thyroid screening. Often elevated in Hashimoto's disease.

Liver-specific enzyme released when liver cells are damaged. Most sensitive marker for liver injury from alcohol, medications, fatty liver, or hepatitis.

Enzyme found in liver and muscle. Elevated in liver damage and after intense exercise. AST:ALT ratio helps differentiate liver vs muscle origin.

Most sensitive marker for alcohol consumption and bile duct problems. Often elevated before ALT/AST - an early warning of liver stress.

Enzyme from liver and bone. Elevated in bile duct obstruction or bone disorders. Can help distinguish liver vs bone pathology with GGT.

Breakdown product of red blood cells processed by liver. High levels cause jaundice. Gilbert's syndrome causes harmless mild elevation in ~5% of population.

Main protein made by the liver. Indicates liver synthetic function and nutritional status. Used in free testosterone calculation. Low in chronic liver disease.

Combined albumin and globulin. Reflects liver function, immune status, and nutritional state. Dehydration can artificially elevate levels.

Muscle metabolism waste product filtered by kidneys. Main marker for kidney function. Naturally higher in muscular individuals and with creatine supplementation.

Best overall measure of kidney function. Values below 60 indicate chronic kidney disease. Calculated from creatinine, age, and sex. Target >90 for optimal function.

Protein breakdown waste product. Elevated with high protein intake, dehydration, or kidney dysfunction. Less specific than creatinine for kidney function.

Purine metabolism end product. High levels cause gout and kidney stones. Also linked to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Target below 360 μmol/L.

Sum of all cholesterol fractions. Less important than ratios and individual components. Some very high total cholesterol is protective if HDL is high.

"Bad" cholesterol that deposits in artery walls causing atherosclerosis. Major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Target depends on overall risk profile.

"Good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Protective against heart disease. Higher is better - target >1.0 mmol/L for men. Exercise increases HDL.

Blood fats elevated by carbohydrates and alcohol more than dietary fat. High levels increase cardiovascular and pancreatitis risk. Fasting required for accuracy.

All atherogenic cholesterol combined (Total minus HDL). Better cardiovascular risk predictor than LDL alone. Target below 4 mmol/L for most adults.

Ratio of total to good cholesterol. Better predictor than absolute values. Target below 4.0 for men. Below 3.5 is optimal.

Counts actual atherogenic particles, not just cholesterol content. Most accurate cardiovascular risk marker. One ApoB per LDL particle. Target below 0.9 g/L.

Essential for bone health, immune function, mood, and testosterone production. Deficiency affects 50% of UK adults. Target 75-150 nmol/L optimal range.

Essential for energy, nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cells. Active B12 measures usable form. Deficiency causes fatigue, neurological issues, and anaemia.

Essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and red blood cells. Works with B12. Low levels increase homocysteine and cardiovascular risk.

Essential for 300+ enzymatic reactions including energy production, muscle function, and sleep. Deficiency common in athletes. Supports testosterone production.

Iron storage protein - best marker of total body iron. Low levels cause fatigue before anaemia. Also an acute phase reactant elevated in inflammation.

Iron circulating in blood bound to transferrin. Fluctuates daily - morning levels highest. Best interpreted with full iron panel.

Blood's capacity to bind iron. Elevated when body is iron-deficient. Helps distinguish iron deficiency from inflammation-related changes.

Percentage of transferrin bound to iron. Low in iron deficiency, high in iron overload. Important for haemochromatosis screening.

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Low indicates anaemia. Can be elevated with testosterone use - monitor regularly.

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells. Elevated levels increase blood viscosity and clot risk. Critical safety marker - target below 52%.

Total number of red blood cells per litre. Low in anaemia, elevated in polycythaemia. Interpreted with haemoglobin and haematocrit.

Average red blood cell size. Low MCV suggests iron deficiency; high MCV suggests B12/folate deficiency. Helps identify anaemia cause.

Cells that form blood clots. Low counts increase bleeding risk; high counts increase clotting risk. Important for overall blood health assessment.

Sensitive inflammation marker and independent cardiovascular risk factor. Target below 1 mg/L optimal. Elevated in infection, injury, and chronic disease.

3-month average blood sugar marker. Gold standard for diabetes screening and monitoring. Target below 42 mmol/mol for non-diabetics. No fasting required.

Blood sugar after fasting. Screens for diabetes and prediabetes. Elevated levels indicate insulin resistance. Target below 5.5 mmol/L fasting.

Prostate health marker elevated in prostate cancer, enlargement, and infection. Recommended annually from age 50 (45 if higher risk). Avoid ejaculation 48hrs before test.

Unbound PSA fraction. Free:Total PSA ratio helps distinguish benign enlargement from cancer. Higher free PSA ratio is more reassuring.

Master regulator of thyroid function from the pituitary. High TSH indicates underactive thyroid; low TSH indicates overactive. Critical for metabolism and energy.

Main thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Converts to active T3 in tissues. Essential for metabolism, energy, heart rate, and body temperature.

The most metabolically active thyroid hormone. Controls metabolic rate, fat burning, and energy. Low T3 syndrome is common in illness, dieting, and stress.

Antibodies attacking the thyroid. Elevated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Can predict future thyroid dysfunction years before symptoms appear.

Another autoimmune thyroid marker. Together with TPO antibodies provides complete autoimmune thyroid screening. Often elevated in Hashimoto's disease.

Liver-specific enzyme released when liver cells are damaged. Most sensitive marker for liver injury from alcohol, medications, fatty liver, or hepatitis.

Enzyme found in liver and muscle. Elevated in liver damage and after intense exercise. AST:ALT ratio helps differentiate liver vs muscle origin.

Most sensitive marker for alcohol consumption and bile duct problems. Often elevated before ALT/AST - an early warning of liver stress.

Enzyme from liver and bone. Elevated in bile duct obstruction or bone disorders. Can help distinguish liver vs bone pathology with GGT.

Breakdown product of red blood cells processed by liver. High levels cause jaundice. Gilbert's syndrome causes harmless mild elevation in ~5% of population.

Main protein made by the liver. Indicates liver synthetic function and nutritional status. Used in free testosterone calculation. Low in chronic liver disease.

Combined albumin and globulin. Reflects liver function, immune status, and nutritional state. Dehydration can artificially elevate levels.

Muscle metabolism waste product filtered by kidneys. Main marker for kidney function. Naturally higher in muscular individuals and with creatine supplementation.

Best overall measure of kidney function. Values below 60 indicate chronic kidney disease. Calculated from creatinine, age, and sex. Target >90 for optimal function.

Protein breakdown waste product. Elevated with high protein intake, dehydration, or kidney dysfunction. Less specific than creatinine for kidney function.

Purine metabolism end product. High levels cause gout and kidney stones. Also linked to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Target below 360 μmol/L.

Sum of all cholesterol fractions. Less important than ratios and individual components. Some very high total cholesterol is protective if HDL is high.

"Bad" cholesterol that deposits in artery walls causing atherosclerosis. Major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Target depends on overall risk profile.

"Good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Protective against heart disease. Higher is better - target >1.0 mmol/L for men. Exercise increases HDL.

Blood fats elevated by carbohydrates and alcohol more than dietary fat. High levels increase cardiovascular and pancreatitis risk. Fasting required for accuracy.

All atherogenic cholesterol combined (Total minus HDL). Better cardiovascular risk predictor than LDL alone. Target below 4 mmol/L for most adults.

Ratio of total to good cholesterol. Better predictor than absolute values. Target below 4.0 for men. Below 3.5 is optimal.

Counts actual atherogenic particles, not just cholesterol content. Most accurate cardiovascular risk marker. One ApoB per LDL particle. Target below 0.9 g/L.

Essential for bone health, immune function, mood, and testosterone production. Deficiency affects 50% of UK adults. Target 75-150 nmol/L optimal range.

Essential for energy, nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cells. Active B12 measures usable form. Deficiency causes fatigue, neurological issues, and anaemia.

Essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and red blood cells. Works with B12. Low levels increase homocysteine and cardiovascular risk.

Essential for 300+ enzymatic reactions including energy production, muscle function, and sleep. Deficiency common in athletes. Supports testosterone production.

Iron storage protein - best marker of total body iron. Low levels cause fatigue before anaemia. Also an acute phase reactant elevated in inflammation.

Iron circulating in blood bound to transferrin. Fluctuates daily - morning levels highest. Best interpreted with full iron panel.

Blood's capacity to bind iron. Elevated when body is iron-deficient. Helps distinguish iron deficiency from inflammation-related changes.

Percentage of transferrin bound to iron. Low in iron deficiency, high in iron overload. Important for haemochromatosis screening.

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Low indicates anaemia. Can be elevated with testosterone use - monitor regularly.

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells. Elevated levels increase blood viscosity and clot risk. Critical safety marker - target below 52%.

Total number of red blood cells per litre. Low in anaemia, elevated in polycythaemia. Interpreted with haemoglobin and haematocrit.

Average red blood cell size. Low MCV suggests iron deficiency; high MCV suggests B12/folate deficiency. Helps identify anaemia cause.

Cells that form blood clots. Low counts increase bleeding risk; high counts increase clotting risk. Important for overall blood health assessment.

Sensitive inflammation marker and independent cardiovascular risk factor. Target below 1 mg/L optimal. Elevated in infection, injury, and chronic disease.

3-month average blood sugar marker. Gold standard for diabetes screening and monitoring. Target below 42 mmol/mol for non-diabetics. No fasting required.

Blood sugar after fasting. Screens for diabetes and prediabetes. Elevated levels indicate insulin resistance. Target below 5.5 mmol/L fasting.

Prostate health marker elevated in prostate cancer, enlargement, and infection. Recommended annually from age 50 (45 if higher risk). Avoid ejaculation 48hrs before test.

Unbound PSA fraction. Free:Total PSA ratio helps distinguish benign enlargement from cancer. Higher free PSA ratio is more reassuring.

The primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle mass, bone density, fat distribution, red blood cell production, and sex drive. Naturally declines with age, but low levels can occur at any age.

The unbound, biologically active portion of testosterone. Only 2-3% of testosterone is free and available to cells. Calculated from total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin levels.

A protein that binds to sex hormones, making them inactive. High SHBG reduces free testosterone availability. Important for understanding true hormone status.

The primary oestrogen in men. Essential for bone health, libido, and cognitive function. High levels can cause gynecomastia and water retention. Often elevated with exogenous testosterone use.

Pituitary hormone that stimulates testosterone production in the testes. Suppressed during exogenous testosterone use. Essential for assessing HPTA function and recovery.

Pituitary hormone essential for sperm production. Suppressed during exogenous testosterone use. Critical marker for fertility assessment and HPTA recovery monitoring.

Pituitary hormone that can affect testosterone and libido when elevated. Can be raised by certain compounds, stress, or pituitary issues. High levels may cause sexual dysfunction.

Adrenal hormone and testosterone precursor. Declines naturally with age. Important for energy, immune function, and overall hormonal balance.

The primary stress hormone. Chronically elevated cortisol is catabolic, breaking down muscle and promoting fat storage. Important for recovery assessment.

Key recovery marker showing anabolic vs catabolic balance. Low ratio indicates overtraining or poor recovery. More sensitive to training stress than either hormone alone.

Growth hormone mediator essential for muscle growth, recovery, and tissue repair. Reflects growth hormone status. Important anabolic marker for athletes.

Ratio of testosterone to SHBG, indicating bioavailable androgens. Useful when SHBG levels affect free testosterone calculations. Higher values indicate more available androgens.

Pituitary hormone that regulates thyroid function. High TSH indicates underactive thyroid; low TSH indicates overactive thyroid. Critical for metabolism assessment.

The main thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Converts to the more active T3. Essential for metabolism, energy, and body temperature regulation.

The most active thyroid hormone. Controls metabolic rate, fat burning, and energy levels. Low T3 can cause fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. Elevated levels indicate autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's). Important for understanding thyroid dysfunction causes.

Antibodies against thyroglobulin protein. Another marker of autoimmune thyroid disease. Often tested alongside TPO antibodies for comprehensive thyroid autoimmunity assessment.

Liver enzyme that's elevated when liver cells are damaged. The most specific marker for liver injury. Can be elevated by oral compounds, alcohol, and fatty liver disease.

Enzyme found in liver and muscle. Elevated in liver damage, but also after intense exercise. AST:ALT ratio helps differentiate liver damage from muscle damage.

Liver enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol use and bile duct problems. Often elevated before other liver markers. Important early warning marker for liver stress.

Enzyme found in liver and bone. Elevated in bile duct obstruction, bone disorders, or during bone healing. Helps differentiate types of liver problems.

Breakdown product of red blood cells, processed by the liver. High levels cause jaundice (yellowing). Indicates liver function or red blood cell problems.

Main protein made by the liver. Low levels indicate liver dysfunction, malnutrition, or kidney loss. Also transports hormones and medications in the blood.

Combined albumin and globulin in blood. Reflects nutritional status and liver/kidney function. Important for overall health assessment.

Group of proteins including antibodies. Elevated in infections, inflammation, or immune disorders. Important component of the immune system.

Waste product from muscle metabolism filtered by kidneys. The main marker for kidney function. Can be elevated in muscular individuals or those using creatine supplements.

Calculated estimate of kidney filtration capacity. Values below 60 indicate chronic kidney disease. The best overall measure of kidney function.

Waste product from protein breakdown. Elevated with high protein intake, dehydration, or kidney dysfunction. Used alongside creatinine for complete kidney assessment.

Breakdown product of purines. High levels cause gout (joint crystals) and kidney stones. Also linked to cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome.

Alternative kidney function marker not affected by muscle mass. More accurate than creatinine in muscular individuals. Provides more reliable eGFR calculation.

Sum of all cholesterol types. Less important than the ratio of HDL to LDL. Can be elevated on some compounds. Target depends on cardiovascular risk factors.

"Bad" cholesterol that deposits in artery walls. Major cardiovascular risk factor. Often elevated by oral compounds. Lower is generally better.

"Good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Protective against heart disease. Often suppressed by anabolic compounds. Higher is generally better.

Fat circulating in blood. Elevated by carbohydrates, alcohol, and some compounds. High levels increase cardiovascular and pancreatitis risk. Requires fasting for accuracy.

All "bad" cholesterol combined (LDL + VLDL). Better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone. Target below 4 mmol/L for most people.

Ratio of total to HDL cholesterol. Better cardiovascular risk predictor than individual values. Target below 4.0. Often worsened by anabolic compound use.

Main protein of HDL cholesterol. Better marker of HDL function than HDL-C alone. Higher levels are protective against cardiovascular disease.

Main protein of LDL and VLDL. Each atherogenic particle has one ApoB, making it the most accurate measure of harmful particle number. Target below 1.0 g/L.

Genetically determined cardiovascular risk factor. High levels significantly increase heart attack and stroke risk. Cannot be lowered by lifestyle changes. Important for risk stratification.

Essential for bone health, immune function, and testosterone production. Deficiency is common in the UK, especially in winter. Target 75-150 nmol/L for optimal health.

Essential for energy, nerve function, and red blood cell production. Active B12 is more accurate than total B12. Deficiency causes fatigue and neurological problems.

Essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. Works with B12 for homocysteine metabolism. Low levels increase cardiovascular risk and cause anaemia.

Essential mineral for muscle function, energy production, and testosterone synthesis. Deficiency is common and causes muscle cramps, fatigue, and poor recovery.

Essential for testosterone production, immune function, and protein synthesis. Lost through sweat during exercise. Deficiency impairs hormone production and recovery.

Essential for iron absorption, nerve function, and connective tissue. Zinc supplementation can deplete copper. Important to maintain zinc:copper balance.

Essential trace mineral for thyroid function, immune health, and antioxidant defence. Critical cofactor for thyroid hormone conversion. UK soil is selenium-depleted.

Iron storage protein and the best marker of total body iron. Low levels cause fatigue before anaemia develops. Elevated levels can indicate inflammation or iron overload.

Iron circulating in blood. Varies throughout the day and with recent meals. Best interpreted alongside ferritin and transferrin saturation for complete picture.

Measures capacity to transport iron. Elevated when iron stores are low (body makes more carriers). Low in iron overload or chronic disease.

Percentage of iron-binding sites that are occupied. The best single test for iron status. Low in deficiency, high in overload. Target 20-50%.

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Low levels indicate anaemia. Often elevated with testosterone use due to increased red blood cell production. Critical for oxygen delivery.

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells. Elevated levels increase blood viscosity and clot risk. Critical marker for those using testosterone. Target below 52%.

Number of red blood cells per litre of blood. Increased by testosterone and EPO. Low counts indicate anaemia. Important for oxygen transport capacity.

Average size of red blood cells. High MCV suggests B12/folate deficiency. Low MCV suggests iron deficiency. Helps classify type of anaemia.

Average amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell. Low in iron deficiency, high in B12/folate deficiency. Used alongside MCV to classify anaemia.

Concentration of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Low in iron deficiency. One of the most stable red cell indices.

Variation in red blood cell size. Elevated in iron deficiency and other anaemias. High RDW with normal MCV can indicate early deficiency.

Total immune cells in blood. Elevated in infection and inflammation. Low levels increase infection risk. Normal range is wide but changes matter.

First responders to bacterial infection. The most common white blood cell type. Low neutrophils significantly increase infection risk.

Key cells for viral defence and antibody production. Elevated in viral infections. Include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

Become macrophages in tissues, engulfing pathogens and debris. Elevated in chronic infections and inflammation. Part of innate immune system.

Fight parasites and involved in allergic reactions. Elevated in allergies, asthma, and parasitic infections. Part of differential white count.

Least common white blood cell. Release histamine in allergic reactions. Rarely significantly abnormal on their own.

Cells that form blood clots. Low counts increase bleeding risk. High counts increase clot risk. Important for safe surgical procedures.

Average size of platelets. Larger platelets are more active and may increase clot risk. Provides insight into platelet production in bone marrow.

Immature red blood cells. Elevated count indicates bone marrow is producing more red cells, often in response to blood loss, haemolysis, or erythropoietin stimulation.

Sensitive marker of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Elevated in chronic inflammation, infection, and injury. Target below 1 mg/L for optimal cardiovascular health.

Non-specific inflammation marker. Elevated in many inflammatory conditions, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Changes more slowly than CRP.

Amino acid linked to cardiovascular disease when elevated. Raised by B12 and folate deficiency. Target below 10 µmol/L. Easily corrected with B vitamins.

Clotting protein and inflammation marker. Elevated levels increase clot and cardiovascular risk. Important when assessing blood viscosity and thrombotic risk.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Recruits immune cells to sites of infection or injury. Elevated in chronic inflammation and various disease states.

3-month average blood sugar level. Gold standard for diabetes screening and monitoring. Target below 42 mmol/mol for non-diabetics. Doesn't require fasting.

Blood sugar after 8+ hours fasting. Screening test for diabetes and pre-diabetes. Elevated by insulin resistance. Target 4.0-5.5 mmol/L.

Hormone that controls blood sugar. High fasting levels indicate insulin resistance, often before glucose rises. Important early marker of metabolic dysfunction.

Calculated measure of insulin resistance from glucose and insulin. Better predictor of metabolic risk than either alone. Target below 1.0 for optimal insulin sensitivity.

Heart strain marker released when the heart is under stress. Elevated in heart failure, even before symptoms appear. Important screening marker for cardiac function.

Muscle enzyme released during muscle damage. Elevated after intense training and indicates recovery needs. Very high levels can indicate rhabdomyolysis risk.

Heart-specific form of creatine kinase. Elevated in heart muscle damage. Important for distinguishing cardiac from skeletal muscle injury.

Enzyme released from damaged cells. Elevated in muscle injury, liver disease, and blood disorders. Used to monitor training recovery and tissue damage.

Oxygen-carrying protein in muscle. Released rapidly during muscle damage. Very high levels can damage kidneys. Early marker of muscle injury.

Highly sensitive marker of heart muscle damage. Even small elevations can indicate cardiac stress. Critical for detecting subclinical heart damage in high-risk individuals.

Prostate-produced protein used for cancer screening. Elevated by prostate cancer, BPH, and prostatitis. Can be raised by exogenous testosterone use. Important baseline marker.

Unbound PSA. Free:Total PSA ratio helps distinguish cancer from benign causes. Low ratio (<10%) suggests higher cancer risk. Important when total PSA is borderline.

Percentage of omega-3 in red blood cell membranes. Best marker of long-term omega-3 status. Target >8% for cardioprotection. Most people are deficient.

Anti-inflammatory omega-3 from oily fish. Reduces inflammation, supports cardiovascular health, and may improve mood. Important component of the Omega-3 Index.

Omega-3 essential for brain and eye health. Major structural component of brain tissue. Critical for cognitive function and cardiovascular health.

Omega-6 fatty acid with pro-inflammatory effects when elevated relative to omega-3. Found in meat and eggs. Important for the AA:EPA ratio assessment.

Balance of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory fatty acids. Higher ratio indicates less inflammation. Target >0.5 for reduced inflammatory state.

Overall balance of omega fatty acids. Western diet typically 15:1 or higher. Target <4:1 for optimal health. Lower ratio reduces inflammation.

Essential electrolyte for fluid balance and nerve function. Low levels can occur with excessive water intake or certain medications. Critical for muscle function.

Critical for heart rhythm and muscle function. Abnormal levels can cause dangerous heart arrhythmias. Must be carefully managed. Lost through sweat during exercise.

Works with sodium for fluid balance. Important for digestion (stomach acid). Usually follows sodium levels. Part of comprehensive electrolyte panel.

Buffer that maintains blood pH. Low levels indicate acidosis. Important for understanding acid-base balance, especially with kidney issues.

Essential for bones, muscles, and nerve signalling. Levels are tightly controlled. Abnormal calcium often indicates parathyroid or vitamin D issues.

Essential for bones, energy production, and cell function. Works closely with calcium. Abnormal levels can indicate kidney issues or nutritional problems.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein involved in immune cell recruitment. Elevated in chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis. Advanced inflammatory marker.

Growth factor involved in cell proliferation and wound healing. Important for tissue repair and regeneration. Advanced recovery and healing marker.

Body's ability to neutralise free radicals and oxidative stress. Important for recovery, ageing, and disease prevention. Reflects dietary antioxidant intake.